What are the following manipulation TECHNIQUES: resizing, cropping, rendering, special effects, time coding, data sampling, morphing and tweening?
Resizing: Resizing is the process of enlarging or shrinking an object in a graphic environment Resizing is typically done in a way so that the object being resized retains its proportions and doesn’t become distorted. The most commonly resized object are images. They can be enlarged or shrunk, but enlarging them poses a problem. Enlarging an image cause the pixels in the image to become bigger as well, causing lines in the picture to appear jagged after a certain threshold.
Cropping: Cropping is the process of removing a part of a graphic such as image or video. Is it typically done to remove any unwanted elements of the graphic. Some cropping programs remove the part of the graphic permanently and some only hide the unwanted section, allowing the user to restore the image to its original state. Cropping however, cause the quality of an image or video to decrease as the final graphic has to become enlarged in order to retain its original size and as mentioned earlier, enlarging causes the pixels to get bigger and thus caused line to appear jagged.
Rendering: Rendering is the process of adding certain elements to a graphic in order to make it appear more realistic. When a graphic is rendered, a variety of methods are used in order to make appear more realistic such as shadowing, lighting, depth, colour etc. Rendering is important in creating 3D graphics and is used to create movies, animations, video games etc. Rendering can be done beforehand (known as pre-rendering), such as is the case with movies or can be done in Real-time, like in video games
Special effects: Special effects refer to process of changing various aspects of a graphic (such as its proportions etc) to make it visually more appealing or to recreate various realistic effects without having to enact them in real life. Simple special effects include distorting the image, making part of it transparent, blurring it and sharpening the focus. However, more complex special effects are available which are commonly used in the film industry. Special effects can help create a large variety of graphics seen in films such as explosions (which would be very costly in to do in real life on large scale), realistic looking animals (for e.g. tigers, bears which are very dangerous to interact with), outer space scenes, intense battles etc. These are all achieved by modifying the graphic to add a variety of effects (fire etc) which all combine to create a realistic looking scene done completely or partially by computers
Time coding: A time code is a series of numeric codes generated at intervals which is used to identify an exact point in an audio or video file. The process of applying this technique known as time coding. The most common use for time coding is synchronization. For example, in video production and film-making, a time code is used to identify the start and end point of a recorded scene, which later helps identify which scene is what and where they will be placed when all of the scenes are combined. The time code also helps with synchronizing an audio file with the video if required as it helps identify the start and end point of a particular scene or segment of a video. In audio, time code allows a user to know where a specific sound is in the audio file and allows the user to locate it.
Data sampling: Data sampling is the process of obtaining representative data from a larger data type. In computing, this process is used to convert analog sound to digital and is commonly known as sampling. The process has three important characteristics: sampling rate, bit resolution and channels. The sampling rate is the number of times a sample of data is taken from a sound wave. The sample is converted into a number, which allows it to be represented in digital form. The higher the sampling rate, the higher the quality and the higher the file size as well. Bit resolution is the number of bits per sample. The higher the number of bit per sample, the higher the bit resolution and therefore the higher the quality. Common bit sizer are 8-bit, 16bit and 24 bit. 8-bit is used for voice audio. 16-bit and higher is used in studio situations. Channels are the number of streams of data containing audio information. Typically the more channels there are, the higher the audio quality. One channel is called mono and two channels is called stereo, which is commonly used
Morphing: Morphing, also known as metamorphosing, is the process of gradually merging images so that it appears as one. The process allows it appear seamless. Scenes can change greatly over the course of a few frames. The technique is commonly used as a special effect in film although it is also used for other purposes. It can be used, for example, to gradually change from one person to another, to help identify similar facial characteristics or to show before and after features of a person on a diet, where the images gradually change to show the difference. Morphing is typically not discernible by the human eye.
Tweening: Tweening, also known as inbetweening, is an interpolation technique commonly used in graphics animation where a computer automatically generates frames inbetween key frames that a user has provided. This allows smooth animation without having the user to draw every frame. Powerful software identify the difference between the movements of the key frames and using mathematical formulae, figure out the movement in between the key frames and creates the necessary intermediate frames